Sun, Moon and Sea As could be expected, Izanagi went on to purify himself after recovering from his descent to Yomi. Japanese myths are passed down through oral tradition, through literary sources (including traditional art), and through archaeological sources. Freyja's connection to the sun can only be derived from her qualities very indirectly, as the fair and shining one, possessing wealth such as the Brisingamen, the necklace glowing like fire. Luckily for us, theres no scientific evidence for those. Thats where the word lunatic and lunacy comes from as well the Latin word for moon is luna. Susanoo, having been granted charge of the sea plain, was driven out of heaven because of his outrageous behaviour at his sister's court. ABSTRACT: Dr. Kawai presents the differences in the symbology of the Sun and the Moon in Western and Eastern cultures. [9][15] Her status as a sun goddess had political ramifications for the imperial family, and the Yamato state most likely benefited from the myth when dealing with Korean influences because Korea also had myths of sun god ancestors for the Korean imperial family. [14] While scholars disagree about the nature of Izanami and Izanagi's relationships, the gods Amaterasu and Susanoo, children of Izanagi, were sibling gods who created children together in a contest preceding Susanoo's desecration of Amaterasu's home which leads to her hiding in a cave. As he went into the water to wash, more gods came into being. This fable, which is of Chinese origin, relates the loves of a Herdsman and a Weaving-girl. Another version represents the pair as mortals, who were wedded at the early ages of fifteen and twelve, and who died at the ages of a hundred and three and ninety-nine respectively. In the Vlusp, a poem where a prophetess reveals information about the beginning and end of the world, we can read about their kinship: The sun, sister of the moon, Jimmu, the great-grandson of the goddess Amaterasu, is the mythical founder of Japan and first emperor on traditional lists. Also father to the Sun; Sun, Moon, and Sea Izanagi went to purify himself after his journey to Yomi and has he undressed, all the adornments he removed from his body turned into a deity as he dropped each to the ground. [10] The Sun goddess and her sibling the moon god's interpersonal conflicts explain, in Japanese myth, why the Sun and the Moon do not stay in the sky at the same time their distaste for one another keeps them both turning away from the other. Izanagi and Izanami descended to the island and became husband and wife. Of every dish that was served on that table that night, she took away a small portion and tucked it under her long finger nails. Then the mother star turned to sun and cursed him. In the mythology of many Native Americans, the sun god and moon god are sister and brother who also become forbidden lovers. No risk 7 day free trial. The Sun and Moon in Norse Writings. The typical motif of the sun swallowed by a monster could be linked to observations people made about the rising and setting of the sun, or eclipses and the fear such phenomena might have caused. See, theres a backstory to that. The Sun, The Moon, And The Wind Soon after Earth's creation, Izanami dies during childbirth, and a disturbed Izanagi goes to Yomi, the land of the dead, to bring her back. Of course, theyre arranged in the traditional Japanese flower arrangement, ikebana (). In the Gylfaginning, when the sir, the godly family residing in Asgard, need a strong citadel to defend them from enemies, they assign the task to a smith-giant who demands in return goddess Freyja, the lady of love, fertility and battle, as well as the moon and sun. [1] After killing their child Kagutsuchi, Izanagi was still grief-stricken, so he undertook the task of finding a way to bring Izanami back from the dead. [15][10][1][9][16] It would take the combined efforts of many other kami, and the erotic dance of a particular goddess named Ame no Uzume, to lure Amaterasu from the cave again. Find Private Teaching Jobs on TakeLessons. Because you went out to amuse yourself with your friends, and feasted and enjoyed yourself, without any thought of your mother at home, your rays shall ever be hot and scorching, and shall burn all that they touch. 'Each language has a word for the moon, but it's not the real moon. Which legend in Japanese mythology is your favorite? We care about our planet! https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Things_Japanese/Sun,_Moon,_and_Stars&oldid=4465223. Even more gods came into being when he went to the water to wash himself. Why there are so few resources on the sun in Norse myth, despite the large archaeological evidence pointing out its immense relevance for the peoples of the Bronze Age, could be either due to a loss of material or meaning or to an evolution into other deities that captured its attributes. Even in this modern day, there are still superstitions around. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Goddess of the sun, Amaterasu has always been in competition with her brother Susanoo, the god of storms. As the waves roll toward Lands End, at the westernmost tip of England, they bring a feeling of distant places of the Atlantic. In fact, modern-day scholars believe that of the nine emperors, Suizei, Jimmus successor, was the only one who actually lived. [1] Myths often tell stories of particular, local deities and kami; for example, the kami of a mountain or a nearby lake. From all these bits and pieces, the 12th-century Icelandic scholar Snorri Sturluson attempted to relate an understandable story, with details not included anywhere else. 2. [1] Some heroes are thought to have been real people, such as the Forty-seven rnin, but their legacy has been transformed into great folktales that depict the historical figures as more gifted, powerful, or knowledgeable than the average person. CC Shizhao, 2005. Shinto centers on the spirit of nature while Zen Buddhism concentrates on selflessness and enlightenment. Nerthus is in fact the same word as Njord in Old Norse, a male deity, patriarch of the Vanir family of gods, making us wonder if they initially had been a pair of deities who ended up as one and then shared their characteristics with their children Freyr and Freyja. But what you wont usually get is the tea on the rare blood moon. Chinese Sun goddess Hsi-Ho transporting the sun with her dragon chariot. [8][5][1], Emperor Temmu enlisted the help of Hiyeda no Are who committed to memory the history of Japan as it was recorded in two collections that are thought by historians to have existed before the Kojiki and Nihongi. [3] The Jmun period marks the first cases of pottery found on the archipelago, followed by the Yayoi period and the Kofun period. Izanamis body has already started to rot. Nowadays, the practice and customs of Tsukimi are practiced even a few days leading up to the full moon instead of just on the day itself regardless of whether or not the moon is visible. Two important sources for Japanese myths as they are recognized today are the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. The couple performed another wedding ceremony, this time correctly. (Eds.). The Sun, having often visited the Water at his home, returns the . I bet youve heard that a full moon can affect tides and currents so naturally, people believe a blood moon can significantly affect them and ultimately cause tsunamis. As told by Snorri, the man Mundilfari has two fair children, and he marries off his daughter Sl to a man called Glen. This traditional ceremony takes place in autumn to honor the autumn moon, also known as the harvest moon (, meigetsu), expressing gratitude and pray for a successful seasonal harvest. Do you have a fascination with old Japanese myths and legends? It falls on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, so its usually between mid-September and the beginning of October. by | Jun 5, 2022 | curtain suppliers in dubai | riverside cafe medicine park, ok menu | Jun 5, 2022 | curtain suppliers in dubai | riverside cafe medicine park, ok menu The remaining particles drop down and create a mass called Earth, but it takes many millions of years for this to solidify. Our moon as we know it is either white or yellow sometimes orange. The stories of the Japanese shinto religion. Boundaries, boundaries, boundaries. In the early Japanese mythology the sun is ruled over by a goddess, the glorious Ama-terasu, or "Heaven-Shiner," from whom is descended the Imperial family of Japan. [1] On the other hand, kami like Ningi and Amaterasu are often depicted as human in their forms. Kawai, Hayao THE SUN AND THE MOON IN JAPANESE MYTHOLOGY Journal of Sandplay Therapy, Volume 1, Number 2, 1991 KEY WORDS: sun, moon, symbol, Japanese mythology, alchemy, Sol, Luna, sandplay therapy. [5][1] Written in the Eighth century, under the Yamato state, the two collections relate the cosmogony and mythic origins of the Japanese archipelago, its people, and the imperial family. The idea of the hare was borrowed from China; but the rice-cakes seem to be native, and to have their origin in a pun,the same word mochi happening to have the two acceptations of "rice-cake" and "full moon." World History Encyclopedia. Siblings, sun, the moon and the wind had been invited by their uncle and aunt (thunder and lightning) to share a table laden with the best food that anyone had ever set their eyes upon. Siblings, sun, the moon and the wind had been invited by their uncle and aunt (thunder and lightning) to share a table laden with the best food that anyone had ever set their eyes upon. In this article, underlined h, y, and w denote silent letters; they are omitted from modern spelling. The Moon in Japanese Culture Japan is famously called "The Land of the Rising Sun", but this island nation has a long association with the moon, it becoming an important part of their culture and beliefs. DVD. [1][9] There are easily as many kami in Japanese myth as there are distinct natural features, and most kami are associated with natural phenomena. Bibliography [1] Kami can take many shapes and forms, some look almost human in depictions found by archaeologists; meanwhile, other kami look like hybrids of humans and creatures, or may not look human at all. [1] However, during the Tokugawa shogunate Christians were executed in Japan. [10] Amaterasu, the Sun goddess and divine ancestor of the first Emperor Jimmu, was born from Izanagi's eye. [1][10], The earliest creation myths of Japanese mythology generally involve topics such as death, decay, loss, infanticide, and contamination. The moon god's face is smeared with ash from the sun's fires, which accounts for the dark patches on the moon's surface. Freyr's solar dimension could be inferred from several mythological details. The horse also had special importance in the burial practices of the Vikings as a means of communication between the two worlds, therefore a sun drawn by horses might have meant more than just the solar motion. At the end of the world, Freyr will battle the fire giant Surt, which could be understood as a reference to the destructive side of the sun. The moon god Tsukuyomi was responsible for this celestial body and its influence over the earth. According to the same ballad, the sun would be swallowed by the wolf Fenrir, one of the monstrous sons of Loki, the one who chopped off the hand of the god Tyr when assigned to bind him with a magic rope. The Sea: Wind, Sun, and Moon. [1] Christianity was banned in Japan until well into the nineteenth century. Muspell would be the realm of fire and home to the fire-giants. One was 260 days and was used for . [10] Izanami was then buried on Mount Hiba, at the border of the old provinces of Izumo and Hoki, near modern-day Yasugi of Shimane Prefecture. They dwell on opposite sides of the "Celestial River," or Milky Way, and may never meet but on the 7th night of the 7th moon, a night held sacred to them, strips of paper with poetic effusions in their honour being stuck on stems of bamboo grass and set up in various places. With this bundle, you can rest easy knowing that you have everything you need to make it through the year! Tsukuyomi was characterized as being zealous in his interpretation . In Norse mythology, the Sun and the Moon appear as personified siblings pulling the heavenly bodies and chased by wolves, or as plain objects. [1] Momotaro, born from a peach for a childless couple to raise, is a mythic hero who embodied courage and dutifulness as he went on a journey to defeat oni who were kidnapping, raping, and pillaging his home island. The word is like a finger pointing in the direction of the moon. East of the Sun & West of the Moon Mercer Mayer 1980 The Moon, Father Forest, Great Fish of the Sea, and North Wind help a maiden rescue her true love from a troll princess in a faraway kingdom. [1], The Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, completed in A.D. 712 and A.D. 720 respectively, had the two most referenced and oldest sources of Japanese mythology and pre-history. Thank you for your help! God, in his anger, then made her recross the river, at the same time forbidding her husband to visit her oftener than once a year. Amaterasu is the sister of Susanoo and Tsukuyomi (who was also her husband), the daughter of Izanagi (according to Nihon Shoki, her mother is Izanami . As soon as Fenrir eats her; [13], Scholars of Japanese mythology have noted the incestuous themes of the creation myth as represented in the Kojiki, and the first scholar to write about Izanagi and Izanami as siblings was Oka Masao. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Print. The moon doesnt orbit the Earth in the same position each time its tilted following how the Earth is as it orbits around the sun. Japanese Mythology A to Z. People still worship the crescent, each time it is first seen; but the greatest nights of the lunar year are the 26th of the 7th moon, the 15th of the 8th moon, and the 13th of the 9th moon, Old Calendar, which roughly correspond to dates some five or six weeks later according to our calendar, and thus include the three moons of the autumn trimester. Amaterasu cave, a sacred place in Japan. [8][5] It is based on the records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki that the imperial family claims direct descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu and her grandson Ninigi. Many customs in Japan can be traced back to these ancient tales, and echoes of these legends can be heard in daily conversations. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Izanami's body has already started to rot. Izanami met him there, and they broke off their marriage. Unlike in the Roman tradition and much like in modern German, the sun (sl in Old Norse) is a feminine noun, and the moon (mni) is masculine. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. is full of epic tales of adventure along with deep reflections on life. personalized lessons. In the early Japanese mythology the sun is ruled over by a goddess, the glorious Ama-terasu, or "Heaven-Shiner," from whom is descended the Imperial family of Japan. The journey of the sun on a wagon during the day and beneath the sea in a ship at night was quite a universal pattern in the early civilisations of Europe. As we have seen, the Edda also presents the sun travelling across the heavens dragged by two horses, suggesting a unification of the two motifs, the sun myth and the god(dess) on a wagon. I went out to enjoy myself with my friends, not to fetch a dinner for my mother!, Wind said, Neither have I brought anything home for you, mother. As a possessor of the slain, taking fallen warriors to her hall Sessrmnir, she has been said to function as a model for the Valkyries, bearing shields on horseback. 4. [10][1] Purification rituals still function as important traditions in Japan today, from shoe etiquette in households to sumo wrestling purification ceremonies. As a reward, the rabbit got a one-way ticket to the moon! [1][10] Among their children are the yashima, or the eight great islands of Japan Awaji, Iyo, Oki, Tsukushi, Iki, Tsushima, Sado, and Yamato. Pre-made digital activities. [8][3] Although some scholars believe that the myths found in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki are meant to give authority to the imperial family, others suggest that the myths in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki are unique accounts meant to give authority to the mythic histories in themselves. Although the exploits of heroes are well known, Japanese mythology also featured heroines. In the most famous tale, Amaterasuhides inside a cave after another conflict with Susano-o. East of the Sun and West of the Moon Kay Nielsen 2016-07-22 Excerpt from East of the Sun and West of the Moon: Old Tales From the Izanagi decided to go there and bring his beloved back from the land of darkness and death. The Sun, the Moon, and the Wind Shortly after creation, Izanami dies during childbirth. World History Encyclopedia, 05 Jan 2022. Rhoda Leyer & Les Drew. As objects of great importance, and not necessarily deities, the sun and moon can be requested as a reward for a deed. Japanese Folktale- The Ogre of Rashomon, Japanese Mythology and Folklore- The Bamboo Cutter and the Moon Princess, Japanese Mythology and Folktales Mini Bundle, Mythology Bundle A | Celtic Mythology | Japanese Mythology | Norse Mythology. Amaterasu Omikami (, meaning "Great Divinity Illuminating Heaven") is the Japanese sun goddess, and is one of the most important deities in Japanese mythology, said to be a direct ancestor of the Japanese Imperial dynasty. Far more important than the sun to esthetic persons is the moon. (For instance, Ninigi, or Ame-Nigishikuni-Nigishiamatsuhiko-Hikono-no-Ninigi-no-Mikoto in full, may also be abbreviated as Hikoho-no-Ninigi or Hono-Ninigi.). [9][20], Themes that appear in the folklore concerning heroes are moral lessons, or stories that function as parables. Regardless of the negative associations of the blood moon, I still love the moon. The elf-disc (sun) [9] The influence of Bushido is noticeable in the behavior of heroes, and heroes often were also warriors. Today, this Shinto mythology story is often remembered through theatrical performances in Japan. On the other hand, in Norse myth, we have a few images of the fertility gods, Freyja and Freyr as well as Njord, vaguely associated with the sun. The partial lunar eclipse is when the sun, moon and Earth arent that aligned, so the moon would be partially blocked, resulting in the moon looking like its been bitten off. And the same for the opposite the fewer particles there are, the lighter the colour is. As she lay dying, she continued to create gods and goddesses, and still otherdeitiesemerged from the tears of the grief-stricken Izanagi. Education & Study Guides. The lightest particles riseto form the heavens, where the first three gods appear the Three Creating Deities. [7], One notable feature of Japanese mythology is its explanation of the origin of the Imperial Family, which has been used historically to assign godhood to the imperial line.[4]. However, he is too late as her body has decomposed beyond recognition. Go down to the Earth and awake the sleeping spirits. Japanese mythology is a collection of traditional stories, folktales, and beliefs that emerged in the islands of the Japanese archipelago. This is one of the most well known Japanese legends. AsAmaterasupeaks out of the cave, Amenotejikarapulls her from the cave, and light returns to the world. Free. As for the other character, Mni, he would steer the course of the moon and determine its phases. Interestingly, one of the Merseburger charms, two incantations written in Old High German and found in a 9th-century manuscript, mentions someone named Sunna in the context of invoking the gods to heal a foal's foot. According to one version of the legend, the Weaving-girl was so constantly kept employed in making garments for the offspring of the Emperor of Heavenin other words, Godthat she had no leisure to attend to the adornment of her person. Izanagi and Izanami then created many gods and goddesses to represent the mountains, valleys, waterfalls, streams, winds, and other natural features of Japan. This preview shows page 105 - 107 out of 114 pages. They're integral to the lightning rod that is this year's Virgo Full Moon. [3] The Yayoi district of Tokyo, Japan is the namesake of the Yayoi period because archaeologists discovered pottery associated with the time period there. It was a grand feast. Bears a daughter Well, a blood moon is only possible during a full moon when the moon is on the other side of Earth, making our lovely planet in between the sun and moon. See, a full moon happens every lunar month, but a lunar eclipse happens less often; about two to four times a year. In Shinto belief, kami has multiple meanings and could also be translated as "spirit" and all objects in nature have a kami according to this system. the Japanese people then considered the blood moon as a sign that something bad would happen. So we can tell time. In Gylfaginning, he is specifically named the most glorious of the gods and his sister the most glorious of the goddesses: "He is the ruler of the rain and sunshine and thus of the fruits of the earth, and it is good to pray to him for prosperity and peace. Despite this historical discrepancy, this old Japanese myth is still important as it tells the story of how theImperial Family, which still exists today, began. In fact, Tsukuyomi was not only the brother of Amaterasu but also her husband. Enlil, the Sumerian god of air, wind, breath, loft. With such a diverse cast of characters, its no wonder there are so many engaging stories woven throughout the Japanese culture. Usually, its linked to something bad I mean, it is lit up in blood redwho wouldnt think its the sign of evil? In Gylfaginning, the first part of his Prose Edda, a legendary Swedish king named Gylfi embarks on a journey for knowledge about the world. In the same text, Snorri tells poets to call the sun fire of heavens and air. In Japanese folklore, a rabbit didnt get its ticket to the moon by hitchhiking on Apollo 11, but rather he was brought to the moon by a mythical man. Ninlil, goddess of the wind and consort of Enlil. Distraught, Izanagi takes a journey to Yomi, the land of the dead,to bring her back. Many deities appear in Japanese mythology, and many of them have multiple aliases. [1] The Moon god and Susanoo the storm god were born at the same time as Amaterasu, when Izanagi washed his face.[1]. With such a diverse cast of characters, its no wonder there are so many engaging stories woven throughout the Japanese culture. "Origin . Whether youre looking to share stories through conversation or read them in written form, an instructor can provide you with the tools you need to dive deeper into the language. Izanami greeted Izanagi from the shadows as he approached the entrance to Yomi. Sun, Moon, and Stars. D. They also tell us of a great city in the moon (tsuki no miyako), and the myth-makers have brought down a maiden from the moon to do penance on earth amid various picturesque scenes. [8], Motoori Norinaga, an Edo-period Japanese scholar, interpreted Kojiki and his commentary, annotations, and use of alternate sources to supplement his interpretations are studied by scholars today because of their influence on the current understanding of Japanese myths. The Herdsman is a star in Aquila, the Weaver is the star Vega. Everyone knew that sun and wind were greedy and selfish. So stick around to fill yourself with all of these exciting info and more! Izanamis body has already started to rot. Whether youre looking to share stories through conversation or read them in written form, an instructor can provide you with the tools you need to dive deeper into the language. Thus in some way, all these elements, wagon, wheel, bird, horse come together in the theme of an underworld hinted at by the motion of the sun-chariot as well. [1] Most kami take their origins from Shinto beliefs, but the influence of Buddhism also affected the pantheon. Whatever colour it is white, yellow or red it still has a great impact in Japanese culture. "The Sun & the Moon in Norse Myth." This meant that he desired to occupy a part of Araw's kingdom. 1972 | 2 min. The sun goddess, Amaterasu, sent her son to Japan to rule the people; she gave him a sword, a jewel, and a mirror to prove his divine ancestry. Broadly speaking, whatever sun or moon deities pagan Scandinavians were worshipping before the Viking Age, they fell into oblivion by the time the Norse myths were written down, and we can only speculate that perhaps some of their characteristics were merged with other deities. Its chosen as offerings as it represents the beauty of the moon round and pure white. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Or rather, the initial husband of the sun goddess. Japanese mythology is full of epic tales of adventure along with deep reflections on life. Izanami was killed during childbirth; the deities of the sun, moon, and storms were born from the body of Izanagi. Get access to hundreds of easy Japanese lessons and tools to take you from beginner to fluent. 03 Mar 2023. Read more about this topic: Japanese Mythology, I got the sun in the morning and the moon at night.Irving Berlin (18881989), The word-coining genius, as if thought plunged into a sea of words and came up dripping.Virginia Woolf (18821941). [3] At the end of the seventh century, the Imperial court finally moved from where Emperor Jimmu was said to have founded it in Yamato. The moon 'singularly attracts the Japanese imagination,' wrote D.T. Written by Kathy Biehl. China's creation and origin myths : Cross-cultural explorations in oral and written . She is worshiped in all of Japan for her beauty and power. He was born as his father Izanagi washed his nose. kuninushi ( ) A god of nation-building, farming, business, and medicine. A lunar eclipse does mean that the moon is closer to the Earth, affecting the tides due to gravitational forces, but studies proved that tsunamis are caused by geographical events on Earth rather than tidal effect canceling out the superstition on the blood moons effects. The Japanese mood god is called Tsukuyomi in Shinto and the sun goddess is Amaterasu. Izanagi went on to divide the world between them with Amaterasu inheriting the heavens, Tsukuyomi taking control of the night and moon and the storm god Susanoo owning the seas. There have been studies that show an earthquake on a blood moon to be stronger than normal, but other studies concluded that there is no apparent connection between the two. What power he had. Y. Soon after, another brother tells the hare to wash in fresh water and roll in cattails pollen. Subscribe below to get the latest on Nihongo Master's lessons and programs, including our weekly blog articles and podcast episodes. In April 2015, Sun Media papers were acquired by Postmedia.. A Sunday edition of the newly named Ottawa Sun began publication on September 4, 1988 and a daily publication . [1][9] Izanagi and Izanami were eventually born, siblings, and using a naginata decorated with jewels, named Ame-no-nuhoko ("Heavenly Jeweled Spear") that was gifted to them. [1] Twenty Christians were crucified before that while Toyotomi Hideyoshi was consolidating his power after the assassination of Oda Nobunaga. Susanoo, in full Susanoo no Mikoto, also spelled Susanowo, (Japanese: Impetuous Male), in Japanese mythology, the storm god, younger brother of the sun goddess Amaterasu. Amaterasu is the most well-known Japanese goddess, and much of Japanese mythology tells of her rivalry with her brother Susano-o. They enjoyed the great feast that had been prepared for them. In some parts of this article, proper names are written in a historical manner. As he undressed and removed the adornments of his body, each item that he dropped to the ground formed a deity. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We match you with expert teachers in over 300 subjects so that you can learn something new through 100% These events are also echoed in the Vlusp, where the prophetess mentions the moon would soon be stolen by one of Fenrir's children with a giantess. is still important as it tells the story of how the. Susanoo (incarnation of storms and ruler of the sea and storms) from his nose. Shone from the south, One of the central figures in Japanese religion and belief systems, Amaterasu is considered to be one of the most important deities in mythology. But the genuinely popular imagination of the present day allows only of a hare in the moon, which keeps pounding away at rice in a mortar to make into cakes. Japanese Mythology: 5 Ancient Myths and Legends. [21] Stories of sexual violence are common in the Buddhist text Nihon ryiki, while stories of people being devoured by mountain deities are found as if they are historical accounts in the fudoki. Rethink a few yourself. Instantaneously, two more deities emerge, this time on Earth, sprouting from areed. [14] Essentially, Hattori said the myth Oka used as evidence was too different to be the origin of the Izanagi and Izanami myth. In the Kokiji, the oldest and most ancient Japanese books in history, Amaterasu entered a cave because of a blood moon and only came out when she was lured out by a mirror.
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