Birmingham Library Writing in The Telegraph, Sankarshan Thakur wrote, "Over nearly a century now British protagonists have approached the 1919 massacre ground of Jallianwala Bagh thumbing the thesaurus for an appropriate word to pick. The government of India ordered an investigation of the incident (the Hunter Commission), which in 1920 censured Dyer for his actions and ordered him to resign from the military. [92][90][95][89] Winston Churchill, on 8 July 1920, urged the House of Commons to punish Colonel Dyer. He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his British knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest". The Bagh was (and remains today) an open area of six to seven acres, roughly 200 yards by 200 yards in size, and surrounded on all sides by walls roughly 10 feet in height. "[65], Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919. I have heard countless stories about this incident including from my own grandmother. [103], On 15th April 2019, a national memorial event was held in the British Parliament hosted by Jasvir Singh and organised by City Sikhs and the Faiths Forum for London entitled 'Jallianwala Bagh 100 Years On', where testimonies of survivors were read out from the book 'Eyewitness at Amritsar'[104], there were traditional musical performances, and a minute's silence was held to remember those who had been killed a century earlier. Judd, Dennis (1996).

The acts were met by widespread anger and discontent among Indians, notably in the Punjab region. It houses a museum, gallery and a number of memorial structures. A manual of instructions was created post the massacre to instruct officers in their use of force and this was to be avoided unless absolutely necessary.

Dyer's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned. It suggested that the death of 379 people was in some way inadequate to appall the royal conscience, in the way the death of 2,000 people would have. [9][36] While travelling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan, she was caught by a mob who violently attacked her. [87] She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the monument.

It is not clear whether Dyer had specifically chosen troops from that ethnic group due to their proven loyalty to the British or that they were simply the Sikh and non-Sikh units most readily available.

Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. All Rights Reserved, {{app['fromLang']['value']}} -> {{app['toLang']['value']}}, Pronunciation of Jallianwala Bagh with 1 audio pronunciations, Audio Pronunciation removed from collection, International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and Phonetic spelling. Patterson says Dyer explained his sense of honour to the Hunter Commission by saying, "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing, but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself.

I am happy that I have done the job. Two days later, on 15 April, demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting against the killings at Amritsar. However, he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March.

Dyer led a small party of soldiers to Jallianwala Bagh, an open area of six or seven acres surrounded by high walls in the heart of Amritsar. [79] Reporter and historian William L. Shirer wrote the next day, "Most of the other Indians I know [other than Gandhi] will feel this is divine retribution. LORD HUNTER'S COMMITTEE. The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten."

[18]

[15], The level of casual brutality, and lack of any accountability, stunned the entire nation,[16] resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the UK. It was not my job. We must never forget what happened here and we must ensure that the UK stands up for the right of peaceful protests".

[60][61], Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, however, openly condemned the attack, Churchill referring to it as "unutterably monstrous", while Asquith called it "one of the worst, most dreadful, outrages in the whole of our history". Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. Srinath Raghaven, "Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, c. 1919–39", Cyril Henry Philips, "The evolution of India and Pakistan, 1858 to 1947: select documents" p.214. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes.