For 12 years, the bumblebee bat was listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List, but in 2008 it was downlisted to Vulnerable due in part to the discovery of new populations, including ones across the Thai border in Myanmar. how many bumblebee bats are left in the worldarapahoe county traffic court The Think Tap. The bumblebee bat is the smallest mammal in the world! how many bumblebee bats are left in the world. Innies or Outies? i would like to know please respond. For proof, one need look no further than the example of honeybees. Bumblebee bats are about the size of a large bumblebee, hence the common name. Owls, hawks and snakes eat bats, but thats nothing compared to the millions of bats dying from white-nose syndrome. Night insects have the most to fear from bats. When you see the bats in a cave, he said, these miniature mammals just look like black spots on the cave wall, and you may not realize they are actually bats without going in close enough., Even museum specimens of the species impress. The 4,000 species of wild bees remain understudied, undervalued, and left in the dark, Jess Tyler, a staff scientist at the Center for Biological Diversity, told me in an email. They mainly feast on insects. Tequila is produced from agave plants that in the wild rely on bats as their primary pollinators. Bumblebee bats were one of the first 10 focal species to be protected under this project. But occasionally, we may get things wrong, or information becomes outdated. Bumblebee Bat It is the smallest of all the species of bats that are in the world and it is also one of the smallest mammals in the world. Just like a hummingbird, the lesser long-nosed bat can hover at flowers, using its 3-inch-long tongue equal to its body length to feed on nectar in desert environments. The binomial name of the bumblebee bat is Craseonycteris thonglongyai. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Myanmar, where it occupies limestone caves along rivers. The Bumblebee bat is the smallest mammal in the world with an adult bat weighing 0.07oz and measuring 1.13 inches. While guides and people may be tempted to hold the tiny creatures, this interferes with the bats' natural behaviors, and if bitten, humans can contract infections. The Bumblebee Bat (Kitti's Hog-nose Bat, Craseonycteris thonglongyai) is the world's smallest bat and also the world's smallest mammal (in length) measuring up to 29 - 33 mm (1.1 - 1.3 in) in length and 2 g (0.071 oz) in mass as a full grown adult. 01They are the smallest species of bats in the world. Photo by Paul Cryan, USGS. Emma Teeling, with University College Dublin, said that when she has examined species specimens she was blown away by its perfection and small size.. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Welch is currently working on a project to help identify bats in need of more immediate conservation attention. If that is determined to be the case someday, then the new population total would need to be split into two unequal parts. Bumblebee Bats prefer to roost in limestone caves and will only be found deep into these caves and as high up as possible. On their face, they have a pig-like nose, small eyes, and large ears. This gives them assistance when in flight. Stewarding Conservation and Powering Our Future, about Celebrating Interior Women in Leadership, about Invasive Species: Finding solutions to stop their spread, about The Endangered Species Act: Celebrating 50 Years of Success in Wildlife Conservation, Toggle Dyslexia-friendly black-on-creme color scheme, Secretarial Schedules (July 2018-July2019), Bats can be found on nearly every part of the planet except in extreme deserts and polar regions, avoiding places where bats are hibernating, unique international conservation partnership, In 2006, a tiny bat from Siberia set the world record at 41 years, planting a bat garden or installing a bat house, Invasive Species: Finding solutions to stop their spread, The Endangered Species Act: Celebrating 50 Years of Success in Wildlife Conservation, Interior Department Announces Significant Action to Restore Bison Populations as Part of New Restoration and Resilience Framework. The nickname bumblebee bat came from its resemblance to the bumblebee in terms of size. But experts believe the Myanmar population is probably quite small due to the bats specific microhabitat requirements. 12. As a result, these highly beneficial species they eat prodigious quantities of insect pests see little conservation funding compared to many other mammals. You may republish Mongabay content in your publication at no cost, Bolivian national park hit hard by forest fires in 2022, satellite data show, Deforestation out of control in reserve in Brazils cattle capital, In Brazils Amazon, land grabbers scramble to claim disputed Indigenous reserve, Gold mining invades remote protected area in Ecuador, Machine learning makes long-term, expansive reef monitoring possible, Experts pushing for high-seas fishing ban win Nobel Prize for environment, Theyre everywhere out there: Three new nautilus species described, End of the tuna FAD? She has a Bachelor of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity, and Marine Biology from Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. They were first discovered by the Thai biologist, Kitti Thonglongya, in 1973. Conservationists have recommended improved protection and management of its roosting caves as well as broader protection of its foraging areas. What are the examples of collaborative activities? However, based on studies of other similar bat species, the average lifespan is estimated to be between 5 and 10 years. HandsofSpirit (717) $33.00 Bumblebee Jasper Pendant, Gemstone BATS STYLE PENDANT Jewelry Gift For Her Sterling Silver Plated Unique Pendant Gift For Him Jewelry MadonnaJewellery (1,089) $10.19 $11.99 (15% off) 6 Where does the bumblebee bat live in the world? Bumblebee bats live in Myanmar and Thailand and are considered an endangered species. Without bats, we also wouldnt have plants like agave or the iconic saguaro cactus. Their upper part of their body is normally a reddish/brown or gray color, whilst their underside is pale in color. How many bumblebee bats are left in the world 2020? As TreeHugger reports, the bumblebee bat weighs on average less than .07 ounces and on 1.14 inches long, but the tiny species is at heightened risk from . Soisook, however, goes on to point out that the Myanmar and Thai bat populations while separated by topography are still presently morphologically (physically) alike. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. When the sound hits an object, it bounces back to the bat. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. During torpor animals reduce their movement, body temperature and metabolic rate to save energy. Average Life Span In The Wild: 30 years. The Townsend's big-eared bat's average lifespan is 16 years. Bumblebees get about the size of a human. thonglongyai is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN and is found in western Thailand and southeast Burma, in limestone caves along rivers. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on FlipBoard (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window). The smallest mammal in the world is the bumblebee bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), weighing in at just barely 2 grams and measuring 1 to 1.3 inches in length, about the size of a large bumblebee. 02The bumblebee bats are listed as Near Threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Like other mammals, mother batsfeed their pups breastmilk, not insects. The eyes are small but the ears are large. Puechmaille, Sbastien J., Pipat Soisook, Medhi Yokubol, Piyathip Piyapan, Meriadeg Ar Gouilh, Khin Mie Mie, Khin Khin Kyaw et al. You can help protect these amazing creatures by planting a bat garden or installing a bat house. ninjago ronin voice actor; american typewriter adobe fonts; how many bumblebee bats are left in the world. The vast majority of our native bees are solitary and don't form hives or have queens. It does not store any personal data. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". On the contrary, invest in specific research for instance. Bats are the only flying mammal. Bats and birds increase crop yield in tropical agroforestry landscapes. Ecology letters 16, no. Although most bats live less than 20 years in the wild, scientists have documented six species that life more than 30 years. Photo by Alan Cressler, USGS. Bats may be small, but theyre fast little creatures. He noted that smoke inside the caves whether from meditating monks or drug users could significantly harm the bats. 02The bumblebee bats are listed as Near Threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). They are not only the smallest species of bat, they are also the world's smallest mammal. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. How many bumblebee bats are left in the world 2020? Most of the bat population, about 70%, feeds on insects. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. However, the impact is not substantial due to their small population size. 11. its just called that bc it is roughly the size of a bumblebee. Juni 2022; Beitrags-Kategorie: tampa bay buccaneers owner net worth Beitrags-Kommentare: charlotte nc snowfall history charlotte nc snowfall history As bumblebee bats are insectivores, they can contribute towards pest control. They are complicated animals, making it almost impossible to take care of them properly even if you wanted to. The bats have a base frequency of 35 kHz. When we dont know what return well get on our investment, it doesnt mean we shouldnt invest. This single species alone represents an entire family of bats, the Craseonycteridae, which split from the rest some 33 million years ago. They are the smallest species of bats in the world. The Bumblebee Bat is the World's Smallest Mammal Animalogic 1.82M subscribers Subscribe 13K 565K views 7 years ago During WW2, the allies strapped bombs to a bunch of tiny bats - it didn't. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Bumblebee Bats Glossy Sticker sophieheywood (570) $1.87 Bumblebee Jasper Baseball Bats from the Volcanos of Indonesia! How big do bumblebee bats get? Bumblebee bats have a short activity period. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, 12 of the 50 bumblebee species in North America are listed as at-risk, some declining by almost 90 percent in the last two decades. These bats live in roosts of 10 and up to 100 individuals. Photo by Frank Bonaccorso, USGS. Bumblebee bats were only recently discovered in 1974 by a scientist named Kitti Thonglongya, who found these tiny bats living in the limestone caves of Thailand. 9. 1 (2015): 21-36. The list could go on. Bumblebees provide us with a bounty. Like so many other species making the slide to nonexistence, the insects have suffered from an amalgamation of habitat loss and degradation, exposure to pesticides especially neuro-active insecticides known as neonicotinoids climate change, and more recently, contagious disease. Definitely an adorable name for the worlds smallest mammal. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Like all other bats, the bumblebee bat uses echolocation to view the world around them and find food. Myanmar is the other. To that end, its imperative that more research and funding are dedicated to understanding what can be done about species declines, especially those driven by disease and pesticide exposure. Generally, bats eat different kinds of foods. Facts.net uses cookies to improve your experience and to show you personalized ads. 4.2 What do a bumblebee bat look like? species of bat and the only extant member of the family Craseonycteridae. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. If you do go underground, decontaminate your clothing, footwear and gear to help with not spreading this disease to other areas. Researchers do not have their exact lifespan. Already, there are encouraging signs. About 80 medicines come fromplants that rely on batsfor their survival. According to Welch, 635 species of bat lack a trend-line, making establishing conservation priorities incredibly difficult. It is the smallest species of bat and may be the world's smallest mammal, depending on how size is defined. Kitti Thonglongya who first discovered these fascinating animals back in 1973. These bats have the same reddish-brown color with black wings. Yaym tarihi 10 Haziran 2022 (). Experts are still verifying the identity of these bats, and if they turn out to be bumblebee bats, this would be the second place in Thailand the bats can call home. The duration of dawn activity averages around 18 minutes while at dusk the average time is 30 minutes. The bumblebee bat, also known as Kitti's hog-nosed ba is the smallest bat in the world, and has the smallest skull size of any mammal on earth. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Without bats, the cacao yield would be reduced by 22 percent. gerry cooney vs george foreman waterfront homes for sale in eden isles, slidell, la about 29 to 33 mm Kitti's hog-nosed bat is about 29 to 33 mm (1.1 to 1.3 in) in length and 2 g (0.071 oz) in mass, hence the common name of "bumblebee bat". Asia boasts 442 bat species, more than a third of the globe's 1,200 species total. How often does a bumblebee bat have offspring? They have dark-colored wings with long tips that enable them to hover in the air. It is not known what animals eat-or are predators to-the bumblebee bat. The Bumblebee Bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai) is small bat species and the world's smallest mammal. Unlike most native bees, but like honey bees, bumble bees are social insects that live in colonies. . The smallest mammal that ever lived, the shrew-like Batodonoides vanhouteni, weighed 1.3 grams (0.046 oz). This contrast in fates says a lot about the different environmental pressures facing the two types of bees, but it also reveals a lot about our own, flawed ideas about conservation. The two groups may even represent separate subspecies or species. They normally fly along the top of bamboo trees and they catch their prey in flight. These cute little creatures are just 29 33mm in length, and have a wingspan of approximately 170mm, and weigh a tiny amount of 2 grams! Who was responsible for determining guilt in a trial by ordeal? Etruscan Shrew The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), also known as the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew and the White-toothed Pygmy Shrew, weighs only 0.040.1 oz (1.22.7 g). We must be willing to protect a species for its sake, for no other reason than to keep as much of the biodiversity within the world as we can muster. The bumblebee bats are listed as Near Threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The status of this species has not been reassessed since the discovery of the Myanmar population, and the Thailand population and its habitat are legally protected. How do food preservatives affect the growth of microorganisms? Add to Favorites . Again, seriously. The bumblebee bat has a smaller skull size. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What is the smallest animal in the world ever to live? Population size, distribution, threats and conservation status of two endangered bat species Craseonycteris thonglongyai and Hipposideros turpis. Endangered Species Research 8, no. Kitti's hog-nosed bat ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai ), also known as the bumblebee bat, is a near-threatened species of bat and the only extant member of the family Craseonycteridae. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Bumblebees provide us with a bounty. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. 03The current bumblebee bat population is at 6600. They do have a tail but many people don't think so. Outside the caves, rapid deforestation due to logging, agricultural expansion and the growth of human communities, remains the major conservation concern, a reality for many vanishing species all across Asia. Bats are collected and dried for sale as souvenirs or people disturb them while collecting their guano for fertilizer, which is used to increase the nutritional value of vegetable crops. A Bumblebee Bats diet consists of mainly insects. Population estimate is believed to be between 200 and 2000. They have a wingspan of about 170 millimeters. What is the diagnosis for heavy menstrual bleeding? Currently, the bumblebee bat falls under the Vulnerable category, with an EDGE score of 4.73. 03The current bumblebee bat population is at 6600. Echolocation calls vary by the species of bat and where it hunts. How many bumblebee bats are left? Recent research shows decreased pesticide use attracts more wild bees, resulting in higher watermelon yields. What eats a bumblebee bat?And what are ALL the things they eat? In many ways, the bumblebee bat is lucky compared to other Asian bats. When was the bumblebee bat listed as endangered? Book Review: A Hopeful Study of Schizophrenia, Great Lakes Pollution Threatens Ojibwe Rights, Why Combat Veterans Are Turning to Oxygen Therapy, Opinion: A Forgotten Factor in Mental Health. Many other Asian bats including Critically Endangered species remain little known and little protected on the continent. The bumblebee bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), also known as Kitti's hog-nosed bat, is an endangered species of bat. While the flying squirrel can only glide for short distances,bats are true fliers. Photo by Ann Froschauer, USFWS. 4. They have a long, bristle-like tongue, allowing them to sip nectar from agave and cacti. These amazing animals face a multitude of threats including habitat loss and disease, but we're working to change that. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Bats have few natural predators disease is one of the biggest threats. Bumblebee bats are only found in 2 countries, Thailand and Myanmar. Now the real question is: Innies or outies? 1000 Random & Interesting Facts About Literally Everything, 21 Weird & Wonderful Unknown World Records, 9 Bizarre Facts About Blobfish That You Should Know, 15 Lucky Facts About Aquamarine, Marchs Birthstone. Soisook, Pipat, Matthew J. Struebig, Sephy Noerfahmy, Henry Bernard, Ibnu Maryanto, Shiang-Fan Chen, Stephen J. Rossiter et al. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Other human activities include limestone extractions and deforestations. 02The bumblebee bats are listed as Near Threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Our EIN or tax ID is 45-3714703. Its a hummingbird its a bumblebee its Kittis hog-nosed bat. Surveys from 1997-2008 counted around 10,000 bats in 44 caves in western Thailand and five caves in Myanmar. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Fruit bats are important seed dispersers for rainforest environments, moving seeds over cleared areas where birds and other mammals dont dare venture. It is the only member of the family Craseonycteridae. The longest-living bat is 41 years old. They do not fly more than 1 kilometer away from their caves. What is a small body of ice rock and cosmic dust loosely packed together with a tail that orbits the sun? If Asias bats including Francis woolly horseshoe bat, the golden-crowned flying fox, and, of course, the bumblebee bat are to survive, then they urgently need to be given more attention. Although being the smallest, these guys have a promising competitor: The Etruscan shrew is lighter in mass (weighs 2.7 g) but longer in length (measures 35 mm to 52 mm in length). This tiny bat weighs less than 2 grams, its body is about the size of a large bumblebee, giving it. Their wingspan reaches 6.7 inches (170 mm). Undark uses cookies to analyze site traffic and to provide social media features. Fish and Wildlife Service announced a year-long assessment of the species status. Over 15 million bats live there, making it the largest known bat colony (and largest concentration of mammals) on Earth. The bumblebee bat is the smallest mammal in the world! The Bumblebee Bat is found in areas in Sai Yok National Park in the Kanchanaburi Province of western Thailand. Every day, they only leave their caves for 30 minutes in the evening, and 20 minutes at dawn for foraging. Dogs arent the only ones with pups. Healthy Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis). As go the bat caves, so go the bumblebee bats. The nickname Bumblebee Bat was given to these unique bats for their size as they are not much bigger than a Bee, around the size of the top section of your thumb. They live in small colonies of around 10 100 individuals high up in limestone caves in forested areas near rivers. 02The bumblebee bats are listed as Near Threatened species . At the other end of the scale is the bumblebee bat, weighing only 2 grams the worlds smallest mammal! The Mexican long-tongued bat is a vital pollinator in desert systems. But that is likely a major underestimate. [11] In North America, bees help with the production of at least 90 crops. It is [an] incredibly tiny creature even smaller than my thumb (though I have small hands already), researcher Pipat Soisook told Mongabay. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". On average they weigh a mere 0.7 ounces (2 grams). This tiny bat weighs less than 2 grams, its body is about the size of a large bumblebee, giving it the . However, the good news is, monks in Myanmar have become the cave protectors instead. He enjoys the world of tech and the religions of the world. Its length is about 29 to 33 millimeters. 3 Is the bumblebee bat on the endangered list? The bumblebee bat hunt insects using echolocation, emitting squeaking sounds that echo, giving the bat an accurate location of the prey. Your email address will not be published. I believe there needs to be space for non-transactional relationships between humans and the natural world an idea that is at the heart of the Endangered Species Act. 4 Which is the only species of bat that is endangered? We have a thorough fact-checking process and a dedicated team verifying our content for accuracy. These bats forage in the bamboo forest canopies around their caves to find food. As insectivores, they can be beneficial for humans as they can help control insect pests in the area. Learn more about them in these bumblebee bat facts and you might just like them a little more. The Bumblebee Bat is one of the smallest mammals in the world and is the smallest known species of Bat. Its body is covered in reddish brown or gray fur on the upper part while the underside and the wing have a pale color. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. After decades away, rare Peruvian seabird nests on island freed of invaders, Do elections spur deforestation? The principal menace to these bats is interference by humans. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. We do not share this information with any third parties. Humans often visit these bats caves for tourism. There are more than 1,400 bat species in the world, so we can't talk about all of them here! Every time I mention to someone that I am a beekeeper, I am met with such a disarming amount of goodwill its sometimes jarring. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. How many bumblebee bats are left in the world? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". hi, is the bumblebee bat part of the bumblebee family? It is the only member of the family Craseonycteridae. Living in roosts is beneficial for keeping warm and finding mates. This species is named after its discoverer, Kitti Thonglongya, a Thai zoologist, who founded them in 1973. Bats benefit from maintaining a close-knit roosting group because they increase reproductive success, and it is important for rearing pups. Continue with Recommended Cookies, The Bumblebee Bat, or otherwise known as Kittis Hog-nosed Bat is a species of bat that is unique to the western regions of Thailand and currently has an estimated population of around 4000. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". They have a large web of skin between their back legs, known as the uropatagium. Some bat species like thespotted batsurvive bymigratingin search of food to warmer areas when it gets chilly. 4 What is the smallest animal in the world ever to live? Visual: Kirsten Strough/USDA. 1 How many bumblebee bats are left in the world? At least12 types of U.S. bats are endangered, and more are threatened. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The bats listen to the sound to determine the size and shape of the object in front of them. October 16, 2011 at 7:45 pm. This tiny furrball-with-wings grows to only about 1.25 inches long (3 cm) and weighs about 2 grams (0.07 ounces). how many bumblebee bats are left in the world. There would likely be no tequila without the few species of bats that at twilight visit agave plants.). The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), is the smallest mammal by mass, weighing about 1.8 g (0.063 oz) on average. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Scientists believe that the populations in Myanmar and Thailand are not geographically interconnected, with both genetic and echolocation research showing them to be quite different from each other. It has 0.9 in, 24-25 mm long forearm. under: depths of fear story explained; taidnapam park fishing; what state has the worst soil; unghia incarnita gentalyn beta; The Bumblebee Bat has a wingspan in the range of 5.9"-6.7" (15-17 cm) and total weight of .05-.07 oz (1.5-2 g). Bats range in size from the Kittis hog-nosed bat (also called the Bumblebee Bat) that weighs less than a penny making it the worlds smallest mammal to the flying foxes, which can have a wingspan of up to 6 feet. Required fields are marked *. There isnt a single cause to blame for the decline of these bumblebee species. 01They are the smallest species of bats in the world. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Fact Site is the number one source for the most interesting & random facts about animals, celebrities, food, films, games & so much more. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The bumblebee bat hunt insects using echolocation, emitting squeaking sounds that echo, giving the bat an accurate location of the prey. robot dreams by isaac asimov answers; skycity staff intranet. 03The current bumblebee bat population is at 6600. Soisook has had the pleasure of seeing many bumblebee bats in the wild, where they generally live in small colonies; they refrain from crowding together like many other bat species. It is estimated that there are 900 to over 1,200 species of bats in the world, making up one-fifth of Earths total mammalian population, the second largest order after rodents. It costs about $10 to buy a bat. You'll often find him at a local coffee shop reading and enjoying a latte. This is the smallest species of bat and one of the world's smallest mammals. About twenty bumblebee bats were found clinging against the 10-meter high ceiling in Phra Phutthabat Cave in Krabi. These miniature mammals only ever stray approximately 0.62 miles (1 kilometre) from their nest or home cave. Bats will collect the insects either by catching them mid-flight or nibbling them off leaves. Maybe You Should Pay. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. There is only a very small number of Bumblebee Bats to be found out in the wilderness and this may be partially down to the fact that female Bumblebee Bats only give birth once a year and to usually only 1 child at this time. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Myanmar, where it occupies limestone caves along rivers.
Is Rockland, Ma A Good Place To Live,
Alex Drummond Engagement Ring Cost,
Articles H