6). Disruptions in hydropower generation have negatively affected various sectors in countries such as Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. 5d, h).

Guided by SGEFA, MLTs are subsequently used to develop a seasonal fire prediction system across sub-Saharan Africa. The latent heat flux E is typically parameterized by a bulk formula: where E is measured in watts per meter squared, L is the latent heat of vaporization, ρa is the surface air density (kg m−3), C is the (dimensionless) bulk exchange coefficient, V is the surface wind speed (m s−1), q*(SST) is the saturation specific humidity evaluated at the SST and surface pressure, and qa is the surface air specific humidity (the latter two both measured in kg kg−1). Collaborate with global governments and health organizations. IEEE Trans.

Climate variability and change have been and continue to be, the principal source of fluctuations in global food production in countries of the developing world where production is highly rain-dependent.

Commun. Clim.

Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climate conditions and is one of the most vulnerable sectors to the risks and impacts of global climate change.

(eds.)].

For example, an atmospheric model simulation showed that biomass burning aerosols emitted from southern African fires caused surface cooling and inhibited convective rainfall6. Based on the combined SGEFA-MLT analytical framework (Supplementary Fig. It decreases by a lead time from 0.60 (0.52–0.77 across ensemble members) at 1 month in advance to 0.16 (0.07–0.18) at 6 months in advance. ADS  The explanation for these changes is almost certain to involve extratropical eddies in a central way, and to require consideration of momentum as well as energy. Response of African fire carbon emissions to the most important environmental forcings is assessed by the Stepwise Generalized Equilibrium Feedback Assessment (SGEFA). However, the influence of LAI on fire activity in Africa is spatially heterogeneous (Fig.

Cycles 32, 122–142 (2018). J. Clim. Nat. [87] With regards to malaria transmission rates in the African Highlands, factors and exposures resulting from drastic environmental changes like warmer climates, shifts in weather patterns, and increases in human impact such as deforestation, provide appropriate conditions for malaria transmission between carrier and host.

Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York. Climate, 24, 473–487, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3748.1.

Nat. The seasonal cycle of rainfall is mainly driven by the south-north movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which is characterised by the confluence  between moist southwesterly monsoon winds and the dry northeasterly Harmattan. (2012).

Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall. We refer to this change simply as the “seasonal change” in field X, recognizing that it does not include the annual mean change.

However, before devising a policy to cope with the impacts of climate variability, especially to the agriculture sector, it is critical to have a clear understanding of how climate variability affects different food crops.

[20] Yields from rainfed agriculture in some African countries could be reduced by up to 50% by 2020. 6) is likely attributed to the dominant role of agricultural practice on fire ignition in Africa, but it might also be an artifact of the lightning data quality and temporal coverage. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAHA.2016.7931880, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16692-w. Change 7, 906–911 (2017). ADS 

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. The predictability of regional average fire carbon emission anomalies in each season is estimated using multiple machine learning techniques (MLTs).

When addressing policy that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to act on a global scale, even when related effects are narrowed to a smaller area. Part B: Regional Aspects.

On the assessment of nonlocal climate feedback. We thank Michela Biasutti and Hamish Ramsay for discussions and Naomi Naik for her help with the CMIP3 dataset.

[99] It is also important to focus on “one-health approaches. Seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature affect soil moisture, evaporation rates, river flows, lake levels, and snow cover.