Some bacteria release toxins (poisonous proteins) when they attack the body. Because inactivated viruses tend to produce a weaker response by the immune system than live viruses, immunologic adjuvants and multiple "booster" injections may be required to provide an effective immune response against the inactivated pathogen. These yeast cells are then able to produce one of the surface proteins from the hepatitis B virus, and this is purified and used as the active ingredient in the vaccine. The pathogen particles are destroyed and cannot divide, but the pathogens maintain some of their integrity to be recognized by the immune system and evoke an adaptive immune response. Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin or chemical made by the bacteria or virus. These vaccines contain whole killed viruses. Before 2004, the whooping cough vaccine contained whole killed pertussis (whooping cough) bacteria, but it has now been replaced with another type.)

Live attenuated vaccines used in the UK schedule: Inactivated vaccines contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been killed, or small parts of bacteria or viruses, such as proteins or sugars, which cannot cause disease. You should consult your doctor or other healthcare provider if you need specific advice on vaccines for you or your child. [1] The virus is killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde. *There are various acronyms for inactivated flu vaccines – IIV3, IIV4, RIV3, RIV4 and ccIIV4. There are several different types of inactivated vaccine which are explained below. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, HepB (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB, Heplisav-B), HPV9 (Gardasil 9) (For scientific papers, the preferred abbreviation is 9vHPV), IIV* (Afluria, Fluad, Flublok, Flucelvax, FluLaval, Fluarix, Fluvirin, Fluzone, Fluzone High-Dose, Fluzone Intradermal). ‘Conjugate’ means ‘connected’ or ‘joined’. The whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is an example. For those patients, an inactivated vaccine can provide protection. Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity (virulence) and thus prevent infection from the vaccine.

Vaccines may also contain additional components. As a result, common local reactions (such as a sore arm) may be more noticeable and frequent with inactivated vaccines. Before 2004, the whooping cough vaccine contained whole killed pertussis (whooping cough) bacteria, but it has now been replaced with another type.). On product information sheets the diphtheria toxoid is often called ‘CRM197 carrier protein’, because it is almost the same as diphtheria toxoid but not quite. They contain antigen that may be a weakened or killed form of the disease-causing organism, or fragments of the organism. Types of vaccines All vaccines contain an active component (the antigen) which generates the protective immune response. For example, to make the hepatitis B vaccine, part of the DNA from the hepatitis B virus is inserted into the DNA of yeast cells. They trigger a strong immune response. Instead these kind of vaccines contain polysaccharides (sugars) or proteins from the surface of bacteria or viruses. [2] Whole virus vaccines use the entire virus particle, fully destroyed using heat, chemicals, or radiation. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened). They are called ‘toxoids’ because they look like toxins but are not poisonous.