If the values arrived at are compared to the same person’s pre-treatment cephalogram, then the effect of the treatment can be assessed.Cephalometric landmarks are specific structures, dental and skeletal, that can be easily recognized on a radiograph. The various analyses may be grouped into the following:These in turn may be grouped according to the following concepts on which normal values have been based:SNA and SNB is important to determine what type of intervention (on maxilla, mandible or both) is appropriate. It is also obvious that the permanent anterior teeth will occupy a more anterior and protrusive position in the face.Analogous with recent concepts of treatment planning in general and esthetic dentistry,The significant decrease of about 2.5 mm of maxillary incisor display with the lips at rest when using a maxillary intrusion arch,As a general rule, it is detrimental to make orthodontic patients look older than their chronologic age. It helps to measure the difference between the size of the jaw and its position.UIA: The Upper Incisor Angle reveals the inclination of the upper incisor to the skeletal base.LIA: The Lower Incisor Angle shows the inclination of the lower incisor to the skeletal base. Cephalometric analysis depends on cephalometric radiography to study relationships between bony and soft tissue landmarks and can be used to diagnose facial growth abnormalities prior to treatment, in the middle of treatment to evaluate progress, or at the conclusion of treatment to ascertain that the goals of treatment have been met. It also allows for evaluation of the facial soft tissue profile.The preoperative lateral cephalogram for this patient is shown in,Nasion perpendicular to B point: −15 mm (−5.3 ± 6.7),Nasion perpendicular to pogonion: −17 mm (−4.3 ± 8.5),Posterior nasal spine (PNS) to nasion: 77 mm (53.9 ± 1.7),Maxillary central incisor edge to nasal floor: 41 mm (30.5 ± 2.1),Maxillary molar cusp tip to nasal floor: 40 mm (26.2 ± 2.0),Mandibular central incisor edge to MP: 50 mm (45 ± 2.1).The two abnormal measurements from the horizontal skeletal profile are indicative of mandibular hypoplasia in the anteroposterior dimension.

These models can be used in preparation for distraction osteogenesis to demonstrate the quantity and topography of the bone in the distraction site.
Eight bilateral and 10 midsagittal landmarks were identified, and 24 widely used measurements (14 angles, 10 distances) were calcu-

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